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Ultrasonic sensor is a device to realize acousto-electric conversion, also known as ultrasonic transducer or ultrasonic probe. Ultrasonic probe can both transmit ultrasonic signal and receive more than acoustic signal.

Ultrasonic probe according to its structure can be divided into straight probe, inclined probe, double probe and immersion probe. Ultrasonic probe according to its working principle can be divided into piezoelectric, magnetostrictive, electromagnetic and so on. Piezoelectric probe is common in practical use. The piezoelectric probe is mainly composed of piezoelectric wafer, absorbing block (damping block) and protective film. Piezoelectric wafers are mostly circular plates whose thickness is inversely proportional to the ultrasonic frequency. Both sides of the piezoelectric wafer are coated with silver, which acts as a conductive plate. The function of the damping block is to reduce the mechanical quality of the chip and absorb sound energy. If there is no damping block, the chip will continue to vibrate when the excitation electrical pulse signal stops, lengthening the ultrasonic pulse width and making the resolution worse.

Ultrasonic wave is the propagation of mechanical vibration in elastic medium. The wave form of ultrasonic wave has three forms. The wave in which the particle vibrates in the same direction as the propagation direction is the longitudinal wave, which can propagate in solid, liquid or gas. A wave in which the particle vibrates in a direction perpendicular to the direction of propagation is called a shear wave and can only travel through a solid. The solution of particle vibration can only propagate along the solid surface between P-wave and S-wave, and P-wave is mainly used in industrial applications. The propagation speed of ultrasonic wave is related to the density and elastic properties of the medium. Ultrasonic wave propagation in two kinds of medium, on their interface, part of the energy is reflected back to the original medium is called reflection: another part of the energy transmission interface, continue to spread the inside another medium, called the refraction wave, ultrasonic wave travels in a medium, with the increase of propagation distance, due to dielectric absorption according to the index law and make the sound pressure and sound energy decay.

Using the characteristics of ultrasonic wave, various ultrasonic sensors can be made, which are widely used in industrial production, medical treatment, communication and other industries. In chemical, petroleum and water and electricity sectors, ultrasonic is widely used in oil level, water level and other liquid level measurement. Using the characteristics of ultrasonic wave, we can also make ultrasonic ranging sensor. With the further development of information technology, the role of ultrasonic in future life will be more and more important.